Theoretical Linguistics

The requirements for historical corpora of medieval texts 1) are determined by properties of the data and the historical-linguistic, textological and linguo-textological tasks to be solved; 2) and should be realized with the help of special tagging, processing procedures, query parameters and retrieval demonstrations. The corpus should a) have metadata concerning both texts and manuscripts, and involving both linguistic and analytical tagging; b) support the rendering of documents (facsimile and transcription), concordances, lists, and comparison of subcorpora data; c) simplify graphic-orthographic variation during data search and visualization; d) provide tools both for processing and searching linguistic material and its further analysis according to traditional methods; and e) support problem description and resolution by applying corpus methods that engage with the quantity, distribution, co-occurrence, and variation of linguistic units in big data arrays. The realization of these requirements is demonstrated on a subcorpus of three copies of chronicles (Laurentian, Hypatian, Radzivilovsky) from the historical corpus project “Manuscript” (manuscripts.ru).

Subject: Language and Literature Studies Language studies Studies of Literature Philology Theory of Literature Theoretical Linguistics Applied Linguistics

Keywords: HISTORICAL SLAVONIC CORPUS RUSSIAN CHRONICLES LINGUISTIC STATISTICS

The paper examines the semantic realizations and verbalizations of the concept of justice in the history of Bulgarian language and culture. It studies linguistic facts from 9th-11th century Old Bulgarian manuscripts and 17th century Modern Bulgarian damascenes. The system of words and phrases that present the concept of justice and its distribution in different cultural contexts are analyzed in relation to Christian ideas in the Middle Ages, the cultural situation in the 17th century and new ideas of the period before the National Revival. The most important feature of the concept of justice is the precept that God is always a fair judge. However, human behavior is dualistic: one can be just and righteous and abide by Christian requirements and another can be unjust and act against God according to his own interest.

Subject: Language and Literature Studies Language studies Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Philology Theory of Literature

Keywords: JUSTICE HISTORY OF BULGARIAN LANGUAGE CHRISTIANITY PRE-RENAISSANCE

Pre-modern Orthodox Slavic texts pose certain difficulties when it comes to part-of-speech and full morphological tagging. Orthographic and morphological heterogeneity makes it hard to apply resources that rely on normalized data, which is why previous attempts to train part-of-speech (POS) taggers for pre-modern Slavic often apply normalization routines. In the current paper, we further explore the normalization path; at the same time, we use the statistical CRF-tagger MarMoT and a newly developed neural network tagger that cope better with variation than previously applied rule-based or statistical taggers. Furthermore, we conduct transfer experiments to apply Modern Russian resources to pre-modern data. Our experiments show that while transfer experiments could not improve tagging performance significantly, state-of-the-art taggers reach between 90% and more than 95% tagging accuracy and thus approach the tagging accuracy of modern standard languages with rich morphology. Remarkably, these results are achieved without the need for normalization, which makes our research of practical relevance to the Paleoslavistic community.

Subject: Church Slavonic Natural language processing Part of speech tagging Old Russian Neural networks Language studies Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Eastern Slavic Languages Philology Theory of Literature

The paper introduces a project on edition and linguistic annotation of Medieval and Early Modern South Slavic manuscript fragments. The main topic is implementation of various approaches on integration of electronic edtion, manuscript description and linguistic annotation. A corpus will include fragments from parchment manuscripts kept in Bulgarian repositories. We will illustrate the approach with several pieces of texts from various fragments. The representation will be supplied with textual, as well as part-of-speech and basic syntactic annotation. On the basis of it an attempt will be made at experimental anaphora and related morpho-syntactic annotation. The work will offer a discussion on the features that will be useful for such annotation. The project relies on eXist database (http://exist-db.org) and the initiatives: Repertorium (http://repertorium.obdurodon.org/), PROIEL (http://www.hf.uio.no/ifikk/english/ research/ projects/proiel/) and TOROT (http://site.uit.no/slavhistcorp/files/2015/04/Eckhoff.pdf).

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Applied Linguistics Studies of Literature Computational linguistics South Slavic Languages Philology South Slavic manuscripts Fragments Linguistic annotation Linguistic corpora Electronic text edition Electronic description XML technologies

The paper discusses problems and points of view related to set up networking between Scripta Bulgarica project (http://www.scripta-bulgarica.eu/bg), Repertorium of Old Bulgarian literature and letters (http://repertorium.obdurodon.org/), and also other corpuses (e.g. Codex Suprasliensis from the 10th century: http://suprasliensis.obdurodon.org/, etc.) for further improvement of linking between data bases. The proposed networking will connect transcribed texts with terminology in palaeoslavistics, and other on-line resources, such as electronic editions of individual sites, electronic dictionaries, encyclopedias, bibliographic arrays and so on. The networking will decided a number of problems that can not yet solve in a satisfactory way. The results will be useful not only for the palaeoslavists but also for librarians, teachers, and students, representatives of mass media and the general public interested in Slavic literacy.

Subject: Ontology of terms Palaeoslavistic Computer technologies Standardization of formats XML approach Language studies Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Applied Linguistics Studies of Literature Computational linguistics Bulgarian Literature South Slavic Languages Philology

The article discusses the Synopsis Apostolorum attributed to Dorotheus of Tyre, which purports to be a list of the Seventy Apostles. It gives a brief overview of the history of the text in Greek and Slavonic. In contrast to the Greek tradition, where it may be found in miscellanies of various types and also in manuscripts of the Apostolos which are provided with relatively extensive apparatus, in Slavonic it is found exclusively in Apostolos manuscripts. The redaction of the Synopsis, moreover, corresponds to the redaction of the Apostolos; there are discernible differences between the texts in each of the three Slavonic redactions in which it is represented. This indicates that it was translated as part of the accompanying text each time that the Apostolos itself was translated. This means that the Slavonic version (unlike the Greek) exists exclusively as paratext, but that this paratextual status, being dependent on the version, is not intrinsic to the work but a function of its history. This in turn points to the necessity of taking the paratext into account in any study of the text of the Bible.

Subject: Apostolos New Testament Slavonic translations Parabiblical literature Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Applied Linguistics Studies of Literature Philology Translation Studies

When we study translations from classical or Byzantine Greek into Old Bulgarian, we usually encounter two aspects of the question how: firstly, the how of the linguistic rendering, the how of the translation techniques used for one term or another. The second aspect is that of evaluating the how: shall we praise or, on the contrary, express regrets in respect of the translator’s work. Besides these two inherent aspects of the question how, a third one has arisen in the last three decades in Bulgaria. We have a long tradition of translating Old Greek and Byzantine texts into Old Bulgarian, but with respect to the philosophical and theological terminology used nowadays, are we obliged to follow the patterns of the past, the forms of the language, suggested by this millennium long tradition? With respect to the formation of the Bulgarian philosophical and theological language, the Symeon’s Miscellany is an extremely important source because from f. 222 to f. 237 a range of issues is discussed as answers to questions 29 and 30. This section of the writing includes clarification of terms, categories and concepts from the classical Greek and/or the Christian philosophy and demands profound interdisciplinary research.

Subject: Byzantine Greek Tsar Simeon’s florilegia Terminology Philosophical and theological language Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Applied Linguistics Studies of Literature Philology Translation Studies

The article is devoted to the research of the Revelation of John the Theologian text editions. The main source of this aspect of text study is the peculiarity of the text structure: names, intsipits, explicites. The features of the three known scientific editions of the Apocalypse are determined and presented in the table. The methods of work on revealing these signs is described.

Subject: Apocalypsis St. John Theologion Text tradition Titles Incipita Filliation of the texts Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Applied Linguistics Studies of Literature Philology Translation Studies

The article provides metadata on the descriptions of hymnographic terms exposed on the Scripta Bulgarica electronic portal (http://www.scripta-bulgarica.eu). The purpose of the analysis is to take the first step towards building a detailed digital ontology of all hymnographic terminology for the needs of specialized web products. All the hymnographic concepts included in the portal are arranged in a hierarchical system which comprises as well some of the most closely related concepts of other kinds (generally liturgical and literary). The selection of terms involves several of the basic musical and musicological hymnographic concepts too, but focuses on the verbal side of the chants. The proposed hierarchical model is based on two types of relationships: category/subcategory and whole/part, the second of which ranks the hymnographic terminology in five levels from the highest (Books) to the lowest (Genre components).

Subject: Hymnography Terminology Classification Hierarchy Category-subcategory Whole-part Scripta Bulgarica Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Applied Linguistics Studies of Literature Philology Translation Studies

The article defines the concepts related to the naming of written monuments in the Slavonic-Russian manuscript tradition. The definitions of basic concepts: name, self, complex nominative, nominative unit. Identified the causes, the appearance of names in different parts of the same manuscript books associated with the execution name and the self of different functions: nominative, informative, hermeneutics, didactic, testoobraznaja, aesthetic. A comparison of the concepts of title and self-title on the example of handwritten books stored in the manuscript Department of the Russian state library, the Fund of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. It is revealed that the self-name is more extensive and informative than the name, but the name, in turn, differs in structural and semantic variability. Variability of names in the composition of nominative complexes is characterized.

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Applied Linguistics Studies of Literature Philology Palaeoslavistic Titles of manuscripts Definitions History of texts History of books Putting into practice

The article deals with the review of prologue vitae (sinaxariа), which are short hagiographic (narrative) texts for saints and festivals, which are contained in two calendar liturgical books – Prologue and Menaia. They are founded in the composition of two types of hagiographic sinaxaria, in the Slavic literature called Simple and Verse Prologue. The first is distinguished by the verses (the two- or the three-verses), written before the sinaxaria vitae. A comparison is made between the prologue vitae from the Simple and the Verse Prologue of three popular Christian saints – George, Demetrius, Nicholas. To them are added the vitae from the Simple and the Verse Prologue for St Petka (Parasceve of Epibatae), St Ivan Rilski (John of Rila) and St Simeon and Sava (of Serbia) – emblematic South Slavic saints.

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Applied Linguistics Studies of Literature Philology Translation Studies Prologue Vitae Simple Prologue Prologue in Verse Menaion Commemoration of saints Commemoration of South-Slavonic saints Liturgical books

The article has two main focuses – first, it follows the most significant and important Antichrist myth researches, and secondly, the Greek tradition of De Christo et Antichristo by Hippolytus of Rome and the Slavonic versions of the text. The Slavonic witnesses are examined according to their omissions, additions, grammatical and morphological variations, and also some of the changes in the Bible quotations are highlighted. This work does not pretend to present new information on the Greek sources but to demonstrate how important the Slavonic translation is to the interpretation of the Greek original. The most interesting results are pointed out in the relation with the Greek text itself, where the proximity between the Greek fragment of Meteora Monastery 573 and the Slavonic tradition is presented.

Subject: Language and Literature Studies Language studies Theoretical Linguistics Applied Linguistics Studies of Literature Philology Translation Studies Antichrist Hippolytus of Rome Textology Greek tradition Manuscripts

Subject: Language studies Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Applied Linguistics Philology

This article provides a description of the Tromsø Old Russian and OCS Treebank (TOROT), which, along with its parent treebank, the PROIEL corpus (built by members of the project Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages), is the only existing treebank of Old Church Slavonic, Old East Slavic and Middle Russian texts. The TOROT is a part of a larger family of treebanks of ancient languages which all use the PROIEL open-source annotion web tool and annotation schemes. In this article we present principles and selected problems at several levels of analysis in the TOROT, and then briefly discuss ways that corpus linguists and edition philologists can fruitfully collaborate and complement each other.

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Historical Linguistics Comparative Linguistics Eastern Slavic Languages Philology

We describe the creation of the Velikie Minei Čet’i (VMČ) Corpus supplementing the latest volume of the printed edition of the Macarian Great Menaion Reader. Instead of an independently compiled historical corpus, the VMČ corpus is entirely based on the paper edition, thus following the principle of multiple use (‘recycling’) of textual data and the work invested in edition projects. We briefly describe the procedure of extraction from the edition text, dwell on the search interface designed to facilitate sophisticated yet intuitive queries, and give examples of issues that can be much more easily researched with this resource than with the paper edition. We conclude that such a supplementary corpus is both feasible and useful and hope that in the future, more editions will be accompanied by an electronic version.

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Library and Information Science Electronic information storage and retrieval Theoretical Linguistics Historical Linguistics Comparative Linguistics Philology

The author of the article describes the features of diachronic corpuses, created on the base of medieval Slavic codices. Their specificity in terms of compliance and transcription of the original objects is presented and the ratio of the markup standards and characteristics of Old Church Slavonic texts, specialized forms for searching and for displaying samples as well. The formation of a new applied section in medieval studies: corpus palaeoslavitic with computer tools is argumented and defined.

Subject: Language studies Literature Studies Library and Information Science Philology Information Architecture Electronic information storage and retrieval Theoretical Linguistics Historical Linguistics Comparative Linguistics Western Slavic Languages Eastern Slavic Languages South Slavic Languages

The article discusses the currently available information on the extant copies of Filip Stanislavov’s Abagar, printed in Rome by the Propaganda Fide in 1651. Starting from Božidar Rajkov’s 1979 edition, which lists fifteen known copies and their presumed location, the article offers information on several copies that are not reported by Rajkov. These include copies in London, Paris, and Uppsala, the latter in the form of a scroll. In addition, the current location of most of the earlier known copies has been verified, and new information on a number of copies is presented: for example, the copy formerly located in Brussels is currently preserved at the Bibliothèque Diderot in Lyon, whereas the two German copies seem to have been lost.

Subject: Language studies Theoretical Linguistics Language and Literature Studies Studies of Literature Historical Linguistics South Slavic Languages Philology Bulgarian Literature

The paper argues that the debate with John Grammaticus in the fifth chapter of the Vita Constantini was a historical event. It is placed in the narrative immediately before Constantine’s participation in the mission to the Saracens, which is identified with that which took place in 855/856: this requires the emendation of a single character in the Vita, giving Constantine’s age as 29, not 24. (This also means that he could have been appointed chartophylax, and deacon, at 25.) It is suggested that the debate took place at the very end of 855, when it would have been relevant to political circumstances.

Subject: History Language studies Language and Literature Studies Cultural history Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Middle Ages Historical Linguistics Diplomatic history Political history 6th to 12th Centuries

The present article provides a critical edition of some of the scholia interpolated in the 14th-century South Slavonic translation of Basil of Caesarea’s Homiliae in Hexaemeron (CPG 2835), viz. six fragments from Gregory of Nyssa’s Apologia in Hexaemeron. These fragments correspond to marginalia in a number of Greek text witnesses from the 10th and 11th centuries. The Slavonic evidence is analysed in the light of the Greek manuscript tradition, viz. on the basis of the Apologia edition of H. R. Drobner (2009) and a collation of the Greek manuscripts Codex Florentinus Laurentianus gr. IV.27 (A3) and Codex Oxoniensis Bodleianus Baroccianus gr. 228 (E6).

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Historical Linguistics Comparative Linguistics Bulgarian Literature South Slavic Languages Greek Literature Philology Translation Studies

The aim of this article is to provide a basis for evaluation of the place of a new Greek witness in the manuscript tradition of a major source for the history of Byzantine Law – the Synopsis Basilicorum major. The author describes exhaustively the main texts and scholia in cod. Kiev, National Library of Ukraine, Φ. I № 137/2. His new comprehensive description supplements and corrects the one published in a recent catalogue by Ievhen Chernukhin.

Subject: History Language studies Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics History of Law Constitution, Jurisprudence Law Studies of Literature Middle Ages Historical Linguistics Comparative Linguistics 6th to 12th Centuries 13th to 14th Centuries

This paper examines correspondences between unusual saints’ commemorations in the 9th-century Latin Neapolitan Wall Calendar and medieval Slavic calendars of saints, focusing on the menology to the Bulgarian Apostolus No. 882, the Zograph Trephologion (Draganov Menaion) and Palauzov Menaion, and the menology to the Ohrid Apostol. The analysis is based on data from Archimandrite Sergij’s collation of Slavic and Greek calendars of saints, and from the author’s electronic menology collation, for which Professor David J. Birnbaum developed the digital blueprint.

Subject: History Language studies Language and Literature Studies Cultural history Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Middle Ages Historical Linguistics Theology and Religion Comparative Linguistics 6th to 12th Centuries Philology Translation Studies

In this paper the text of the questions in the Longer Rules (Ὅροι κατὰ πλάτος, Regulae fusius tractatae, PG 31, 901–1052) and the text Shorter Rules (Ὅρoι κατ᾿ ἐπιτομήν, Regulae brevius tractatae, PG 31, 1052–1305, CPG II 2875 Asceticon magnum sive quaestiones) of St. Basil in their medieval Slavonic version are presented according to Zografou 3, a manuscript, dating from the 14th century. Some observations are made about the text of the questions on the basis of comparison on orthographical and lexical level between Zografou 3 and three other manuscripts: British Library Additional MS 27442, National Library in Sofia 1045 (Slepčenskij sbornik) and Zografou 126, dating from the same period. The quotations from the Scripture in the text of the questions are an object of special interest. The results of the comparative analysis give a good reason to suppose that Zografou 3 preserves the oldest text in comparison to the other three witnesses.

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Historical Linguistics Comparative Linguistics Philology Translation Studies Theory of Literature

This paper contains the first publication of printed excerpts related to Bulgarian history from two historical compilations by Paulinus of Venice. Chronologia Magna sive Compendium is presented according to lat. 4939, National library, Paris (14th c.) and Satyrica historia – according to Ms 445, Jagiellonian library, Cracow (15th c.). As the study and analysis of these manuscripts demonstrate, the compendia contain many accounts related to Bulgarian history – from the formation of the Bulgarian state in 681 up to the dynastic marriage of the Latin emperor of Constantinople Henry in 1213. All of the motifs from Bulgarian history, which Paulinus selected and included, are significant and fully aligned with the aims, which he had set himself in the prologue to Satyrica historia. These motifs are not merely a compilation of successes and failures, but are to form a body of well researched information, which will serve to edify posterity, based on the historical experience of the Roman and other kingdoms. Interpreting the evidence in Paulinus’ accounts in light of his stated approach, it appears that after their appearance on the European stage (681) the Bulgarians played the role of the defenders of Christian Europe (717) and the armament of God (811 г., 1205 г.). Their joining the Christian family of the European people is also recounted (865) through the example of the determination and beatitude of the Bulgarian ruler who defended the new faith even against his own son. Additionally, the Bulgarians are described as participants in events related to Byzantine history (705), as well as being adversely affected by the expansion of the unconverted Hungarians (907, 970, 1003). The accounts related by Paulinus are re-workings of earlier sources he was apparently well acquainted with. It can be argued that the present publication identified those sources with significant accuracy. The mistakes in the dating that occur in Paulinus’ compilations are often attributable to him connecting events to significant historical episodes or historical personalities, around which he builds a whole chapter or rubric of the narration. Sometimes the anachronisms are due to the sources he used. The study of the context, in which motifs related to Bulgarian history are placed allowed me to identify the sources of the material and the method of compilation employed by Paulinus of Venice. Last but not least, the analysis of the content of the motifs allowed me to establish that Dandolo mainly used information from Historia satyrica, but perhaps also consulted with Chronologia magna. He included in his chronicle almost all the motifs from the works of Paulinus, with the exception of the chronological note on the death of Nicephorus I Genik and the episode on Walter Senzavohir. Thus, the publication of the fragments from Historia satyrica and Chronologia magna clarified the origin of those passages in the chronicle of Andrea Dandolo about which D. Angelov wrote that they are connected to earlier historiographical sources but their origins are in need of further investigation.

Subject: History Language studies Language and Literature Studies Cultural history Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Diplomatic history Military history Political history Middle Ages Comparative Linguistics 6th to 12th Centuries 13th to 14th Centuries Philology Translation Studies

The present article provides an analysis of transmission of apocryphal Story about the Handsome Joseph and a critical edition of the text (unpublished MS No. 1161 CHAI–Sofia) with readings from Tikveš copy (MS 677 NBKM Sofia) and Prague copy (No. ІХ.H.16 National Museum, Prague). The “dialogue” between a separate text (article) and its environment in miscellany manuscripts is presented, which is very important for the method of compilation and re-editing. The alterations in the separate text correspond with alterations in the macrostructure of the miscellany. The coexistence and interweaving of texts is indicated as an important process, particularly for the chronology of

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Historical Linguistics Comparative Linguistics Philology Translation Studies

The article draws attention to two lesser known lines written in Glagolitic which are part of the Epilogue to Pamvo Berynda’s Triod Cvetnaja, printed in Kiev in 1631. Thanks to their typographic realisation, these two lines seem to have been mainly considered „an ornament“ or a „cryptographic“ element of the text in older literature. The article presents the Glagolitic text in standard Unicode encoding, so it becomes electronically searchable as such, along with a transliteration and a translation. It turns out that the Glagolitic text is nearly identical to the self-descriptions famout printer Pamvo Berynda had used before (although in Cyrillic). Another question put forth in the paper is the provenience of the actual printing types used in Kiev in 1631. A comparision shows that the letters look similar – but not identical – to printing type used around the same time Italy (Rome, Venice) or by Primož Trubar in the century before. The typographic quality of the Kievan types is, however, inferior.

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Library and Information Science Electronic information storage and retrieval Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Historical Linguistics Comparative Linguistics Philology

The goal of this paper is to examine the use of participles in the Eninski Apostol. The analysis is realized according to the use of the relative participles: 1) in the attributive function, 2) in the appositive function and 3) in the predicative function. Besides I turn my attention to the participles that are used in other functions. By the research the aim was not only to describe the functions of the participles, but also to show their possible substitution with different clauses. Besides I turn my attention to the phenomena which can be connected with the decline of declension endings of the short participles.

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Syntax Semantics Historical Linguistics Philology Translation Studies

This paper offers a critical edition of the Divine Liturgy of St. John Crysostom according to manuscript D. Gr. 143 from the collection of the Ivan Dujčev Centre for Slavo-Byzantine Studies. The leitourgikon (from the Kosinitsa Monastery near Drama) was copied by Konstantinos Hazoropoulos in 1368, which makes the Chrysostom formulary a reliable source of a liturgical rite from the initial period of the establishment of Philotheos Kokkinos’ Διάταξις της Θείας λειτουργίας. The fragment contains archaic elements that were due possibly to an influence from peripheral eucharistic practices.

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Foreign languages learning Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Historical Linguistics Comparative Linguistics Translation Studies

This paper is part of a more extensive study on the medieval Georgian writer and translator Ephrem Mtsire who continued the traditions with his works that gradually acquired clearly Hellenophile character, thus beginning the formation of Hellenophilism as a trend in Georgian literature. Hellenophilism is not considered in this paper only in its narrower linguo-literary aspect which meant attaining the formal equivalence to the original. Hellenophilism is regarded here in its wider sense of special interest of non-Greek scholars towards the thinking processes of Byzantine culture of different periods. The study of both aspects reveals the positive influence of Hellenophilism on Georgian literature. Hellenophilism as cultural orientation begins with Ephrem Mtsire‘s literary activities.

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Historical Linguistics Comparative Linguistics Philology Translation Studies

Two manuscripts discussed in this paper – the Homilies of Gregory the Theologian GIM Syn. gr. 63 (Vlad. 144) and the Four Gospels ÖNB Theol. gr. 240 – were examined for a special study, the results of which were published in 2009 and 2013. They both are unique examples of tenth-century Byzantine book illustration, remarkable for their unusual ornamental style. The study revealed the decoration, datable to the 940s, as a work of one and the same artist, conditionally referred to as the ‘Master of the Arabesque Style’. His ornamental style is unique in the history of the Byzantine manuscript book, only existing for a short period and evidently corresponding to the activity of this one illuminator. The manuscript Berlin, Phillipps 1538, which contains a Treatise on Horse Medicine, has appeared in many publications. However, its artistic decoration has not yet received the elucidation it merits. After a new research using colour reproductions it transpired that many of the Berlin codex folios were actually decorated by the same artist as the Vienna and Synodal manuscripts. The assumption that one artist devised the three manuscripts under scrutiny brings to the conclusion that the Vienna Gospels should be classed among manuscripts from the Imperial scriptorium and dated to the period from 945 to 959. With regard to the development of minuscule script, the scribe responsible for the Hippiatrika obviously was regarded as a distinguished calligrapher, whose earliest activities should be sought in the first quarter of the century. The archaic characteristics found in the codex are in accordance with the illumination. Therefore the Berlin manuscript should be used as a reference for the attribution of manuscripts from the second half of the tenth century.

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Historical Linguistics Comparative Linguistics Philology Translation Studies

Language studies, Language and Literature Studies, Review, General Reference Works, Theoretical Linguistics, Studies of Literature, Philology, Translation Studies

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Review General Reference Works Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Philology Translation Studies

Language studies, Language and Literature Studies, Review, General Reference Works, Theoretical Linguistics, Studies of Literature, Philology, Translation Studies

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Review General Reference Works Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Philology Translation Studies

Language studies, Language and Literature Studies, Review, General Reference Works, Theoretical Linguistics, Studies of Literature, Philology, Translation Studies

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Review General Reference Works Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Philology Translation Studies

Language studies, Language and Literature Studies, Review, General Reference Works, Theoretical Linguistics, Studies of Literature, Philology, Translation Studies

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Review General Reference Works Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Philology Translation Studies

Language studies, Language and Literature Studies, Review, General Reference Works, Theoretical Linguistics, Studies of Literature, Philology, Translation Studies

Subject: Language studies Language and Literature Studies Review General Reference Works Theoretical Linguistics Studies of Literature Philology Translation Studies