Scripta

Emotions and Intellect: Representations in Balkan Languages and Cultures Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 25, 2025 floyd Tue, 08/19/2025 - 17:00
Емоции и интелект: представи в балканските езици и култури

The papers in this section we­ re presented at the international con­ ference Emotions and Intellect: Repre­ sen­ta­tions in Balkan Languages and Cultures, which took place from 22–24 January 2025 at Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridski’. The event was or­ ga­ nised by the Institute of Balkan Studies and Centre of Thracology at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridski’, as part of the reintegration programme of the Alexander von Hum­ boldt Foundation. Financial sup­ port was provided by the Bulgarian National Scientific Fund under contract № КП-06- МНФ/42 of 26.09.2024, in accordance with the Memorandum signed in August 2020 between the Foundation and the Fund. No funds from this contract were allocated or used for the publication of the articles in this journal volume.

Subject: Scripta Keywords: emotions Intellect Representations Balkan Languages Cultures
Sense and Sensibility in the Life of St. Eustathius Placidas or on Psychology in the Hagiographic Narrative Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 25, 2025 floyd Tue, 08/19/2025 - 16:57
Разум и емоции в Житието на св. Евстатий Плакида или за психологията в агиографския наратив

This article offers an in-depth analysis of the Life of St. Eustathius, examining three key episodes through the lens of narrative structure, the adaptation of ancient literary models and their expressive richness to new Christian content, as well as the transformation of cultural codes and the development of psychological portraits of the characters. It demonstrates how the main Christian themes are interwoven into the narrative through the interplay of the characters’ emotions and their actions guided by reason. The emotional analysis reveals not only the emotions present in the text and their universality to human nature but also their connection to the characters’ rational choices, acting as a driving factor for the progression of the plot. The article also traces the role of perspective shifts in constructing the narrative and reinforcing the Christian message of the legend. The hagiography achieves its didactic purpose through catharsis, realized through the suffering of the saints, which not only prepares the characters for spiritual elevation but also transforms the audience, inspiring profound faith and empathy. Furthermore, the methodology applied here offers a valuable framework for investigating other hagiographies to analyze how narrative techniques, adapted from ancient genres like the novel, epic, and tragedy, are employed in constructing stories within the context of Christian literature. The Life of St. Eustathius is presented as not only a literary masterpiece but also a narrative landmark in the broader context of martyr hagiography, reaffirming its significance in understanding the evolution of narrative strategies in early Christian literature.

Subject: Scripta Keywords: The Life of St. Eustathius Placidas narrative structure emotions reason narratology psychological analysis of characters Christian hagiography catharsis
Zur Pragmatik transzendentaler Sprechakte. Am Beispiel von altkirchenslavisch тако ми Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 25, 2025 floyd Tue, 08/19/2025 - 16:53
Върху прагматиката на трансцендентните речеви актове: въз основа на староцърковнославянското „тако ми“

Speech acts like to pray, to swear or to make a prophecy include a transcendental participant to be felicitous. In a prayer the transcendental participant is included as interlocutor, in an oath as witness and, if necessary, punishing force, in a blessing as guarantor, and prophecy consists either in reporting the statements of a transcendental actor or a human speaker is making statements on his behalf. The illocution of a transcendental speech act is highly depend on introductory assumptions, especially sincerity. Accordingly, the linguistic classification of oath shifts between assertive and commissive speech acts. Our paper firstly discusses problems of the pragmatic classification of oaths in general; in a second step it is demonstrated, that the use of the Old Church Slavonic oath-formula „tako mi‟ and its descendants in Church Slavonic and in today’s oral speech are located within a pragmatic continuum between (transcendental) oath – extreme assertion – appellative request – emphatic salutation. The pragmatic classification of the formula is highly depend on register and substitution of the original 1st person pronoun (mi) by 2nd person pronoun (ti). Additionally, the paper offers a linguistic explanation about the original shape of the Old Church Slavonic formula in comparison with corresponding Greek utterances.

Subject: Scripta Keywords: Historical pragmatics Transcendental Speech Acts тако ми μά-oath Old Church Slavonic Greek
Emotivity and Appellative Means in Homiletical Texts by Gregory the Great: A Three-tiered Historical Comparison between Latin, Church Slavonic and Modern Czech Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 25, 2025 floyd Tue, 08/19/2025 - 16:49
Емотивност и апелативни средства в хомилетичните текстове на Григорий Велики: Тристепенно историческо сравнение между латински, църковнославянски и съвременен чешки език

This contribution aims to elucidate the relationship between strategies of audience involvement and emotional means of address in Gregory the Great’s (c. 540– 604) homilies on the gospels (Homiliae in Evangelia). The Latin original is compared to both a medieval Church Slavonic version of Czech origin and a Modern Czech translation. A representative sample is taken from Gregory’s 40 homilies on the gospels as a case study into the maintenance of linguistic means of expressing emotivity and appellative strategies crossing the boundaries of linguistic and cultural domains. The focus is on the appellative (or ‘conative’ in Jakobsonian terms) aspect of emotive signs. More specifically, this case study concerns the translation of Latin gerundives with a deontic meaning. We shall note some significant parallels as well as differences in the semantics and pragmatics of the deontic expressions of appellative agitation between the Latin original, the medieval Slavic and modern Czech translations. Thus, investigating multiple stages of the transmission of the homilies, in three languages, we can trace the use of appellative rhetorical means, as well as their development over time and space.

Subject: Scripta Keywords: gerundive deontic modality CHURCH SLAVONIC Czech Gregory the Great
Several Themes Related to Contemplation in Early Slavic Homiletics Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 25, 2025 floyd Tue, 08/19/2025 - 16:44
Няколко теми, свързани със съзерцанието в раннославянската хомилетика

Contemplation, as the highest activity of the intellectual being, is at the heart of Byzantine spirituality. Since Slavic Christianity was shaped according to the Byzantine model, this paper examines the extent to which this theme was assimilated in a newly discovered cycle of Slavic homilies, likely from the 9th century. Focusing on the object of contemplation, the paper explores several key topics, including the partial knowability of God, the movements of the divine essence, divine energies, and the notions of logoi and tropoi. Through the identification of sources, the paper also highlights the role and influence of the Church Fathers and traces the dynamic processes by which the author of these homilies shaped Patristic teachings into their final form.

Subject: Scripta Keywords: Contemplation – Byzantine Theology – Church Fathers – Homiletics – Old Church Slavonic – Divine Energies
On the Relationship of the Greek and the Slavonic Texts of the Manasses Chronicle Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 25, 2025 floyd Tue, 08/19/2025 - 16:40
За отношението между гръцките и славянските текстове на Манасиевата хроника

The article focuses on translation decisions made by the Slavonic translator of the Greek Manasses Chronicle. The investigation is carried out with the help of a linguistically annotated and aligned bilingual corpus encompassing roughly 9.200 tokens in both languages. Whereas previous research on this text has mostly focused on either identifying translation errors or analysing the lexicon used by the translator, this paper contrastively examines the morphology and syntax of the translation as well as the use of functional elements (the conjunction и and the discourse particle же). The paper shows which differences can be found in the use of tenses and in the domain of word order. It also demonstrates how functional elements that are absent in Greek are frequently inserted into the Slavonic translation. It is argued that the deviations found in the text are best interpreted as conscious choices by the translator. They reflect his decision of simplifying the text and rendering the Greek original in a straightforward way to the Slavonic audience.

Subject: Scripta Keywords: translation technique digital edition linguistic annotation Manasses chronicle Middle Bulgarian
Isaac of Nineveh’s Medieval Slavonic Reception: Esquisse on the Noetic Terms Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 25, 2025 floyd Tue, 08/19/2025 - 16:34
Към славянската рецепция на Исак Сирин: щрихи към ноетичните термини

Isaac of Nineveh, best known in the Slavic tradition as Isaac the Syrian, was a prominent figure in Eastern Christianity whose works were quickly translated into other languages. The two known medieval South Slavic translations were accomplished from Greek; the second one became particularly popular among the East Slavs and spread widely in that region. Isaac’s teachings found a large audience in monastic circles and were often included in miscellanies. This paper aims to analyse the language used to address the intellectual and noetic realms in the Slavonic translations of Isaac’s works. To this end, sections of the unedited Slavonic text have been prepared for comparison with the original Greek. This terminology is then be compared with translation equivalents found in other ascetic works in Slavonic. Apart from the linguistic aspect, the study also attempts to trace the influence of language on the transmission of ideas through translation. As an appendix, an edition of one sermon is presented for the first time, with the two known Slavonic versions printed side by side alongside the Greek text with critical apparatus and comments on the translation features.

Subject: Scripta Keywords: Isaac of Nineveh Isaac the Syrian Greek-Old Church Slavonic Translations Ascetic Language Monastic terms
Political and Social Demonization in Byzantine Hagiography (6th – 11th Centuries) Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 25, 2025 floyd Tue, 08/19/2025 - 16:31
Политическа демонизация във византийската агиография (VI–XI в.)

This article explores the role of demonization in Byzantine hagiography (6th–11th centuries) as a propagandistic strategy rooted in philosophical, rhetorical, and folkloric traditions. It examines the demonization of political figures, particularly iconoclastic emperors, and entire groups such as Arabs, Bulgarians, and Jews, emphasizing anthropomorphic and zoomorphic imagery. Key aspects include kinesics, vocalization, and emotional excess as defining traits of the demonic. The study also draws parallels between medieval and modern propaganda, demonstrating how demonization serves as a powerful rhetorical tool that distorts political discourse and reinforces collective stigmatization, both historically and in contemporary narratives.

Subject: Scripta Keywords: Demonization stigmatization discrimination rhetoric ethics Byzantium hagiography
Towards the History of the Exclamation Mark in Bulgarian: Expressing Emotions in the Work of Neophyte of Rila Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 25, 2025 floyd Tue, 08/19/2025 - 16:27
Към историята на удивителния знак в български език. Изразяване на емоции в творчеството на Неофит Рилски

This paper analyzes the utilization of exclamation mark as a means of expressing a variety of emotions in two books written in the 19th c. by the Bulgarian monk Neophyte of Rila: The First Bulgarian Grammar (1835) and the Description of Rila Monastery (1879). The section of the grammar that addresses punctuation, particularly the exclamation mark, is examined by comparing it to other grammars that were published during the same period. Additionally, the sentences that contain exclamation mark have been selected from the Grammar and the Description. Some of them are presented here in conjunction with brief remarks that elucidate the intended emotional impact and the sentiments they embody. A comparative analysis of the two books reveals a subtle difference. In the Grammar, the author utilizes the exclamation mark predominantly to convey negative emotions. In the Description, although the negative tone predominates in the exclamatory sentences, there are also some that are rather positive. The broader range of emotions articulated in the Description is presumably attributable to its vivid and expressive nature, which starkly contrasts with the technical tone of a grammar book.

Subject: Scripta Keywords: Neophyte of Rila Neofit Rilski First Bulgarian Grammar Description of Rila Monastery exclamation mark
REGEST: The Reference Tool for Medieval Greek-Slavonic Translations Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 25, 2025 floyd Tue, 08/19/2025 - 16:23
REGEST: Справочник за средновековни гръцко-славянски преводи

This article presents the first steps in the implementation of REGEST, a collaborative digital reference tool designed for the systematic documentation and semantic annotation of medieval Slavonic translations from Byzantine Greek. Developed at the University of Innsbruck as part of its joint project with KU Leuven – The Slavonic Metaphrasis of Byzantine Orthodoxy (2024–2028) – REGEST provides a structured approach to cataloguing Byzantine-Slavonic texts. Utilising Semantic MediaWiki, this open-access platform captures the dynamic relationships among medieval authors, source texts, translations, and collections, providing efficient processing and retrieval of information while enabling continuous expert curation and update. A case study on Christopher of Mytilene’s hagiographic epigrams illustrates the tool’s capacity for tracing textual transmission and transformation – from the composition of these poems (their initial context, function and target audience) to their later integration into a version of the Synaxarion of Constantinople and, finally, to their transmission within the Slavonic Verse Prolog through two independent South-Slavonic translations. This example highlights REGEST’s potential to reveal complex textual histories and facilitate comparative analysis. By combining semantic structuring with collaborative input, REGEST opens new avenues for research on Byzantine-Slavonic literary heritage.

Subject: Scripta Keywords: Byzantine-Slavonic translations Semantic MediaWiki Christopher of Mytilene hagiographic epigrams textual transmission digital humanities in Medieval Studies
Submitted on Tue, 08/19/2025 - 16:21

Project 2: A Unified Annotation of the Stages of the Bulgarian Language (AUSBUL)

Единна анотация на етапите на българския език (AUSBUL)

  • Summary/Abstract

    Scripta & e-Scripta continues the series of publications reporting on the work carried out within the project “A Unified Annotation of the Stages of Bulgarian Language (AUSBUL)”, funded by the Bulgarian National Science Fund and the OeAD under the Programme “Bulgaria: Competitions for Financial Support for Bilateral Projects, Science & Technological Cooperation (WTZ) Austria / Bulgaria” No. КП- 06-Австрия / 2, 18.07.2023 / OeAD-GsmbH (Österreichischer Austauschdienst) (BG 09/2023, WTZ Bulgarien S&T Bulgaria 2023-25).

    Subject: Scripta
Submitted on Tue, 08/19/2025 - 16:18

On the Annotation of Category Change

Върху анотацията при промяната на категориите

  • Summary/Abstract

    The article deals with a number of challenging points in the annotation of different categories (parts-of-speech, classes and subclasses) in the texts attesting the history of the Bulgarian language. The focus is on category changes which affect mainly the so-called function words (auxiliary verbs, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, pronouns, among others) in historical texts, with a goal of building a unified annotation scheme for the stages of the Bulgarian language. Annotation approaches followed by other projects will be discussed to arrive at practical solutions with a view of the theoretical assumptions and purposes of the data. Keywords:

    Subject: Scripta
Submitted on Tue, 08/19/2025 - 16:13

Cedrus libani: in the Bible, the Homily de Christo et Antichristo by Hippolytus of Rome and in the Parabiblical Slavonic Sources

Cedrus libani: в Библията, в Хомилията за Христос и Антихриста от Иполит Римски и в парабиблейски славянски източници

  • Summary/Abstract

    The article examines the emergence and semantic uses of the cedar, and more specifically the ‘Lebanese’ one, not only as a separate tree species but also as a specific ‘topos’, used in a Biblical context not only in St. Prophet Isaiah, with more than one meaning and even separate thematic spheres, while in medieval Bulgarian literature its ideological and semantic uses expanded and it became part of the ‘Christ tree.’ The reasons for this are rooted in its Old Testament Biblical use, and later, a purposeful attempt was made not only to explain it in more detail but also to attribute to it an even more substantial meaning. The ‘Lebanese cedar’ finds its place in early interpretive literature because it is one of the symbols of the presence and power of God. The ‘topos’ also finds wide application in parabiblical literature that goes beyond or adds to the previously expected qualities and properties of the cedar. Some facts and hypotheses will be presented to the Bulgarian reader for the first time.

    Subject: Scripta
Combined South Slavonic Brontologion from the Late Middle Ages: Sources, Contents and Characteristics Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 25, 2025 floyd Tue, 08/19/2025 - 16:09
Сводният южнославянски Гръмник от Късното средновековие: източници, съдържание и характеристики

The article examines five South Slavic copies from Brontologion from the Late Middle Ages (16th–18th centuries), which are combined prognostic works. They contain the most numerous and detailed depictions of astronomical and meteorological phenomena. Also, through the text of prognostication works, data on the everyday life and lifestyle of medieval man can be found. These copies testify to the change in their social function. Initially, they were read in the royal and boyar courts. Because of the historical changes in the Balkans and the fall of Bulgaria under Turkish slavery, prognostication began to spread to the broader layers of society through the mediation of the lower clergy. Changes also occur in the language and structure of the text.

Subject: Scripta Keywords: Divination books Brontologion Slavic medieval literature MANUSCRIPTS topics
Submitted on Tue, 08/19/2025 - 16:04

The Story about Father Agapios. More about the Late Bulgarian witnesses

Сказание за отец Агапий: повече за късните български свидетелства

  • Summary/Abstract

    The article is devoted to observations of the text of the Story about Father Agapios in several Middle Bulgarian and vernacular Bulgarian copies from the 14th to the 18th century. A comparison is made between the witnesses found in the Adžar Miscellany (no. 326 in the National Library in Sofia), Panagjurište Miscellany (no. 433 in the same library) and the copy preserved in the Berlin Damaskin (Berl. Slav. Fol. 36, Berlin State Library). Conclusions are drawn regarding the structure of the text and its possible relations to the early Slavonic versions. The examined copies are edited in Appendices 1 and 2.

    Subject: Scripta
Submitted on Tue, 08/19/2025 - 16:00

Apocrypha in Monastic Miscellanies: Accident or Premeditation?

Апокрифи в монашеските сборници: случайност или преднамереност?

  • Summary/Abstract

    Monastic collections intended for individual (cellular) reading are often not associated with dates in the church calendar or the celebration of the cult of saints but are instructive reading. The Apocrypha that is included in them has a different function: (a) texts with a cognitive account of persons and events from the Old and New Testaments (re-reading the Bible); (b) works related to eschatology and apocalyptic; (c) readings related to natural phenomena and applied knowledge. Topics group some of them, while others are included in cycles according to formal criteria. Apocryphal works are completely “legalized”; they aim to enlighten readers, elevate them spiritually, and serve as reference materials. This feature is typical of manuscripts from monasteries in the Balkans in the 14th and 15th centuries. Of particular interest are manuscripts created in large monastic centres, such as the Hilendar Monastery on Mount Athos, in which rare copies of apocryphal works appear, e.g. Revelation of the Apostles. The author examines the causes of this phenomenon and its consequences.

    Subject: Scripta
Submitted on Tue, 08/19/2025 - 15:38

Study of Inks Used in the Manuscript Cod. Jur. gr. 12 Belonging to the National Library of Austria

Проучване на мастилата, използвани в ръкописа Cod.Jur.gr. 12, принадлежащ на Националната библиотека на Австрия

  • Summary/Abstract

    This article explores the inks used to write three recipes for the production of ink found in the Cod. Jur. gr. 12, as well as the inks utilized to rewrite faded words on folios 7v and 111r, and notes on f. 325v of the same codex. The texts of the recipes were analyzed to determine the ink type described in each recipe. Microscopic multispectral imaging was employed to examine the inks in which these texts were written, providing valuable insights into their optical properties and allowing for an assessment of the inks used across the different texts. Additionally, computational statistical techniques were applied to infrared images of the inks, yielding information about their material properties and assisting in the recognition of the inks used in the texts studied. The combination of these two techniques reflects a multidisciplinary approach that integrates advanced imaging technologies, spectral analysis, and data processing. This methodology produced valuable qualitative and quantitative results regarding the similarities and differences among the examined inks.

    Subject: Scripta
Submitted on Tue, 08/19/2025 - 15:31

Два восточнославянских списка Чина погребения мирян с акростихами

Two East Slavic Copies Burial Rites for Lay People with Acrostics

  • Summary/Abstract

    The article examines the repertoire of chants containing fragments of ancient acrostics of the Burial Rite of Lay People (phrasal and alphabetical), which are found in two East Slavic Prayer-books (trebniki) of the 16th century. Both manuscripts come from the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The versions of the Burial Rite in them differ from each other and from the previously identified South Slavic editions. The author publishes in the appendix alphabetical stichera according to five copies.

    Subject: Scripta
Submitted on Tue, 08/19/2025 - 15:24

Еще раз о фениксе и халкедри в славянской Книге Еноха (Енох 2)

Once Again about the Phoenix and Chalkydri in the Slavonic Book of Enoch (2 Enoch)]

  • Summary/Abstract

    2 Enoch is a very peculiar Old Testament Pseudepigraphon. One of its special features is the presence of hapax legomena and the usage of well-known words in Slavonic tradition with different meanings. The paper deals with the “astronomical chapter” of 2Enoch, especially with the contexts where mythological birds (or angels? or winds?), phoenix, and chalkydri are mentioned. The particularities of the meanings of these creatures and several possible interpretations of them in 2 Enoch are considered against the background of the history of these images in different ancient traditions, taking into account different usages of the characters in question in the two main recensions of 2 Enoch.

    Subject: Scripta
Submitted on Thu, 10/03/2024 - 16:27

International Scientific Forum Transfer and Adaptation Languages and Cultures in Dialogue

  • Summary/Abstract

    The papers in the sections Scripta and Debuts were presented at the international conference “Transfer and Adaptation: languages and Cultures in Dialogue (the Balkans from Late Antiquity to the Early Modern Times)”, held from 24-26 January 2024 in the Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridski’. Participants were from Austria, Bulgaria, Italy, Germany, Czech Republic and Romania. The conference was organised at the Institute of Balkan Studies and Centre of Thracology, Bulgarian Academy of Scienc- es within the reintegration program of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. The financial support of the Bulgarian National Scientific Fund (contract Nr. ФНИ КП-06-МНФ/21 of 08.08.2023) was provided following the Memorandum of August 2020 between the Foundation and the Fund. No financial means received through the framework of this contract were planned or used for the publication of the articles in the present journal issue.

    Subject: Scripta
“Alphabet Wars” in the Balkans Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 24, 2024 floyd Thu, 10/03/2024 - 16:25

The Balkans, where the Greek and Latin written traditions co-existed in the framework of the Roman empire, became a “battle field” of scripts after the disintegration of the empire and the great changes that occurred in the Early Middle Ages. In this development the successful introduction of a “Slavonic script” (Glagolitic and shortly thereafter Cyrillic) played an important role. The changes in the use and the territorial distribution of these and other scripts (Latin, marginally also Arabic and Greek) for Slavonic languages are prese

Subject: Scripta Keywords: Slavonic languages script Glagolitic Cyrillic Latin language conflicts
Submitted on Thu, 10/03/2024 - 16:22

On the Reception of the Dionysian Corpus in Early Slavic Literature

  • Summary/Abstract

    The Corpus Dionysiacum, possibly authored in the 6th century by an enigmatic figure, stands as a pivotal work within the Byzantine oikumene, yet its reception in the Slavic context has been underexplored. This paper provides an overview of both direct and indirect receptions of the Corpus Dionysiacum, highlighted by direct quotations from a newly discovered cycle of original Slavic homilies from the late 9th century, a discovery that potentially shifts the paradigm of our understanding. We will examine the breadth, philological nuances, and theological applications of these quotations, employing a comparative analysis to contextualize our findings within a broader scholarly conversation. Through this examination, we shed light on the intricate web of cultural and theological exchanges between the Byzantine and Slavic worlds.

    Subject: Scripta
Fragmente des Severus von Antiochia und Gregor von Nyssa im Učitelʼnoe evangelie des Konstantin von Preslav im Kontext der Matthäus- und Lukas-Katenen Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 24, 2024 floyd Thu, 10/03/2024 - 16:19
Fragments of Severus of Antioch and Gregory of Nyssa in the Didactic Gospel of Constantine of Preslav with Reference to the Catenae of Matthew and Luke

The article draws attention to two long scholia by Severus of Antioch, Severus of Antioch, identified in Constantin Preslavski’s Didactic Gospel, which, however, did not refer to his name. The first one, a fragment from 77th Cathedral Homily of Severus, forms the second half of the exegetical part of Sermon 3. The other one, an excerpt from the 89th Cathedral Homily, which also contains two fragments by Gregory of Nyssa, constitutes a significant part of the Exegesis Section in Sermon 35. It appears in Sermon 35 as part of the Greek original, the catena on Luke CPG C130.1, which Constantine used when composing the sermons on the Gospel of Luke. The fragment in Sermon 3 is not part of the main Greek source of Constantine used to explain the passages from Matthew’s Gospel. It was borrowed from catena on Matthew C110.4, which was not used as a source anywhere else in the Didactic Gospel and was probably added later by an unknown author rather than Constantine himself. Nevertheless, the name of Severus, who was explicitly named as the author of the scholium in C110.4, was omitted in the Didactic Gospel, most likely because he was considered a heretical author in 10th century Bulgaria.

Subject: Scripta Keywords: Old Church Slavonic translations Constantin of Preslav’s Didactic Gospel Greek catenae on Matthew John and Luke Severus of Antioch Gregory of Nyssa
Submitted on Thu, 10/03/2024 - 16:17

Вариативность и терминологизация переводческих соответствий в Учительном Евангелии Константина Преславского

Variability and Terminologisation of Translation Equivalents in Constantine of Preslav’s Didactic Gospel

  • Summary/Abstract

    The article analyses the translation correlates of ἀρετη, πολιτεία and φιλοσοφία in Constantine of Preslav’s Didactic Gospel. Their contextual meanings are systemised together with their Old Bulgarian transponents. Other Greek words that are translated by the same slavic transponents are analysed and the data are compared to the information in the major palaeoslavic dictionaries. The observations reveal that φιλοσοφία and ἀρετη are rendered by a wide range of lexemes whose array rivals that in far more voluminous Old Bulgarian corpora. It can be shown that the choice of synonyms for the three polysemous Greek nouns is not arbitrary but consistent with the meaning in a specific context. It appears that there is a tendency towards rendering each meaning of a Greek word by one particular Slavic word, i.e. a tendency to transform semantic differentiation in the source language into lexical differentiation in the target language. There is also a rather clearly noticeable semantic differentiation between the synonymous lexemes житиѥ and жиꙁнь and it is motivated not by the translated Greek words but by their contextual meanings, in which житиѥ refers more often to the earthly life whereas жиꙁнь means the eternal life.

    Subject: Scripta
Submitted on Thu, 10/03/2024 - 16:14

The Greek Modality Adverb ἴσως in the First Old Church Slavonic Translation of Gregory of Nazianzus’ Homily 38

  • Summary/Abstract

    This paper provides novel, relevant data to study the translation technique of the First Old Church Slavonic Version of Gregory of Nazianzus’ Homily 38 “On the Theophany” (Εἰς τὰ Θεοφάνια, CPG 3010.38; BHG, 1921-1921b; PG 36, 312A-333A). This work was rendered from Greek into Old Church Slavonic by an anonymous Bulgarian translator, presumably between the late 9th and the early 10th century. The text is transmitted by two testimonies, one of East Slavic (St Petersburg, Russian National Library, Q.п.I.16, late 11th century), the other of South Slavic origin (Sofia, SS Cyril and Methodius National Library, № 674, mid-14th century). The translation’s archaic morphological and lexical features reveal a marked analogy with the language of the Old Bulgarian Ecclesiastical Writer, Constantine, Bishop of Preslav. By investigating hitherto unexplored aspects of the translation technique the author offers further compelling evidence of a connection between Homily 38 and Constantine’s Didactic Gospel. The focus is on a very peculiar rendering of the Greek modality adverb ἴσως (“possibly, perhaps”), which is translated by means of the verb “мьнѣти” (“to mean”, “to think”, “to assume”, “to consider”), conjugated in the first-person singular present indicative.

    Subject: Scripta
Submitted on Thu, 10/03/2024 - 16:12

Emphase in altkirchenslavischen Konstruktionen mit l-Partizip

Emphasis in Old Church Slavonic constructions with l-participle

  • Summary/Abstract

    The paper analyses the different ways, lexical information can be positioned relative to the two parts of the Old Church Slavonic periphrastic perfect tense, formed by auxiliary быти + l-participle. We find that positioning of information before or behind the construction is most open to rhetoric-stylistic shaping of the utterances in a given context. Positioning of information within the periphrastic construction leads to focus steering; insertion of information of different kind into the periphrastic construction can be interpreted not so much as focus steering towards rhematic, but towards emphasized information. Complex forms of information positioning are a sign of written conceptuality.

    Subject: Scripta
Submitted on Thu, 10/03/2024 - 16:10

The Greek Optative in Constantine of Preslav’s Didactic Gospel*

  • Summary/Abstract

    In the palaeoslavic studies, it is known that the perfective aspect is used to render the Greek future and various forms of the conjunctive and optative, for the most part – in the aorist. On some occasions, though, Constantine of Preslav used more specific (vis. lexical) ways of rendering the Greek optative. The paper aims at systemising and commenting on the material excerpted from Constantine’s Didactic Gospel Greek sources. Such an approach, oriented towards the Greek as a starting point, might bring a better understanding of how these grammatical forms were perceived in the 9th century when they were no longer active in the spoken Greek language of the epoch. Furthermore, it will elaborate our understanding of Constantine of Preslav’s translation technique.

    Subject: Scripta
Submitted on Thu, 10/03/2024 - 16:08

Newly Converted Bulgaria Meets the Heresies on the Verge of the 10th Century

  • Summary/Abstract

    The paper explores the sources, from which the newly converted Bulgarians could obtain information about the deviations from Orthodoxy and the most famous heresiarchs. It seems that most of the notices are contained in the translations dated to the first decades of the 10th c. during the reign of Simeon the Great. The fact should not surprise us given the role this ruler played in the cultural and literary policy of the new Christian state. Could we however speak about a conscious policy in this regard, or is this a mere coincidence?

    Subject: Scripta
Submitted on Thu, 10/03/2024 - 16:06

One Peculiar ‘Topos’ in the Historical-Apocalyptic Literature

  • Summary/Abstract

    The creation of a text in the Middle Ages was a process of superimposition of persistent patterns and ‘topos’ formulas that had acquired universal meaning. It is very difficult to point out a historical-apocalyptic text that consistently conveys the Greek original, without exception all translated works have the intervention of the Slavic scribe who amends, adds or abridges the text. This is a natural process, especially for this type of literature, which has no liturgical purpose, it is outside of following the canon and the liturgical statute. The main reason for the compilation nature of historical- apocalyptic literature is the desire to express and highlight the current local (in most cases – Bulgarian) point of view on the events that took place, to adapt the images of historical figures to the current reality.

    Subject: Scripta
Submitted on Thu, 10/03/2024 - 16:04

Noe–sis and Die–ge–sis: the Theory of Asystata and the Narrative in Ancient Rhetorical Treatises

  • Summary/Abstract

    This study delves into the common attributes of criteria used to pinpoint invalidity in theses and implausibility in narratives within ancient rhetoric. To achieve this, a comparative analysis is undertaken between the various types of invalid or insoluble issues (asystata) outlined in the “stasis” theory and the theory of coherent narrative as presented in the four key treatises on rhetorical exercises (progymnasmata). These two conceptual frameworks, developed in tandem throughout post-classical Antiquity, are built upon the firm foundation of Aristotle’s logic and find practical application in contexts such as persuasive communication, historical narration, and literary fiction. The study’s findings highlight the shared terminological framework and educational objectives of both theories, fostering critical thinking and enhancing communicative proficiency among students of rhetoric. The article concludes with a comparative table juxtaposing the criteria for inconsistency and incoherence, viewed as breaches of the Principles of Identity, Non-Contradiction, and Sufficient Reason, providing a practical tool for analyzing and improving narratives.

    Subject: Scripta
Submitted on Thu, 10/03/2024 - 16:02

New Greek Fragments in the Collection of the Center for Slavo-Byzantine Studies “Prof. Iv. Duichev”

  • Summary/Abstract

    The article discusses the ongoing work on some forty Greek manuscript fragments which Rumen Manov recently donated to the Center for Slavo-Byzantine Studies “Prof. Iv. Duichev”. After introducing Manov’s donation as a whole, the author presents six items in terms of their dating, script, and content (hagiographic, liturgical, patristic, biblical, etc.).

    Subject: Scripta
The Trojan War in Bulgarian Medieval Literature Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 24, 2024 floyd Thu, 10/03/2024 - 16:00

The article examines the different versions of the story of the Trojan War – ancient plots known in Bulgarian medieval literature as a result of translation work. The works are examined in the context of the medieval idea of the historical process. An attempt has been made to show the ways of adapting, rethinking and reassessing the works – through commentary and additions to the native history, by “inserting” into the world Byzantine chronicles, moving the corresponding text from the periphery of literary production to more elite compositions or by combining them with other works in collections of different function.

Subject: Scripta Keywords: the Troyan war the Troyan novella world chronicles
Submitted on Thu, 10/03/2024 - 15:58

Славянски заемки в румънски език в семантичното поле на емоциите

Emprunts slaves en roumain dans le domaine du vocabulaire des émotions

  • Summary/Abstract

    The article tries to retrace the paths of the semantic development of some Slavic borrowings, which in the history of the Romanian language designate ‘fear’ at different degrees of this emotion: timidity, dread, fear or fright. Five word families have been examined: groază, a se (în)crâncena, scârbă, a se stidi, a se oțărî. As a result of the etymological analysis, various semantic changes have been established. The research on the semantic evolution of the Slavic loanwords in Romanian in the field of emotional vocabulary shows above all that these particular cases reveal the tendency of mixing emotions. The same tendency can be observed when we analyze the autochthonous words from different Indo-European languages.

    Subject: Scripta
Ascetico-Monastic Miscellanies: a New Type of Miscellanies in the Slavic 14th Century Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 22, 2022 floyd Wed, 08/17/2022 - 08:29
Марко Скарпа. Аскетично-монашески сборници: нов тип сборници през славянския XIV век

Personal as well as communal reading is one of the main activities in the monk’s daily life, as witnessed since ancient times. In all likelihood, the readings within the great ascetic framework were then concretely linked to the spiritual proposal that inspired the individual community. Gregory of Sinai himself gave advice on ascetic readings for the monks around him. It was precisely for this use that miscellaneous manuscripts containing texts for reading were formed. In Slavic, the first manuscripts of this type to be attested date back to the fourteenth century and refer directly to the communities linked to Gregory of Sinai.

Subject: Scripta Medieval Studies Linguistic History of Literature Keywords: Ascetico-Monastic Miscellanies. Gregory of Sinai. fourteenth century. monastic reading
Evagrius’ Kephalaia Gnostika: Novel Research into Its Literary Structure, Philosophical Theology, and Heritage Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 22, 2022 floyd Wed, 08/17/2022 - 08:26
Илария Л. Е. Рамели. „Умозрителни глави“ на Евагрий: новаторско изследване върху литературната структура, философско богословие и наследство

This essay focusses on Evagrius Ponticus’ Kephalaia Gnostika and its reception. It will offer some results of novel research into the literary structure of this work, including the issue of its so-called ‘silent chapters,’ as well as into its rhetorical strategies and philosophical theology, in particular its anthropology and conception of bodies, Christology, with a proposal for a new reading of one of the Kephalaia Gnostika, and eschatology, especially Evagrius’ doctrine of apokatastasis. Evagrius inherited the last theory from Origen and Gregory of Nyssa, and integrated it in its own further. The influence of Gregory of Nyssa on Evagrius is an aspect of recent research that has been offered as a contribution to scholarship and should now be taken into account. Finally, a brief look will be given at the literary, and partially theological, legacy of the Kephalaia Gnostika.

Subject: Scripta Medieval Studies Linguistic History of Literature Keywords: Evagrius Ponticus’ Kephalaia Gnostika literary form Christology eschato­ logy anthropology Gregory Nyssen’s influence on Evagrius RECEPTION
Multiple Translations of Small Paraenetic Genres in Slavic Miscellanies and Their Byzantine Sources Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 22, 2022 floyd Wed, 08/17/2022 - 08:20
Анисава Милтенова, Анета Димитрова. Многократните преводи на малките паренетични жанрове в славянски ръкописи и техните византийски източници

The article explores the development of the genre kephalaia in the history of medieval Bulgarian literature, especially the changes of its context in the miscellanies in the 10th c. and later in the 13th–14th c. Paraenetic works by many patristic authors, usually presented as short wise sayings in groups of 100 (centuriae), were translated, excerpted, revised, and translated again – a century-long tradition preserved in many Slavic manuscripts. The survey is focused on two works in this genre – Capita de oratione (CPG 2452) by Evagrius of Pontus and Centuriae iv de caritate et continentia (CPG 7848) by Thalassius of Libya. They were first introduced into the Slavic literatures in the early 10th c., and with the development of monasticism and the rise of Hesychasm, their renewed and revised translations were included in the monastic miscellanies from the 14th c. onwards. The linguistic comparison of the versions of the two texts reveals the connections and the differences between them. The analysis of their respective contexts in several manuscripts shows the continuity between the literary traditions of the early and the later period of Slavic literatures.

Subject: Scripta Medieval Studies Linguistic History of Literature Keywords: monastic literature paraenetic genres multiple translations Florilegia Evagrius Pontus Thalassius of Libya
Fragments from the Ladder of St. John of Sinai in the Oldest Byzantine and Slavic Codices (based on the Simeon’s Miscellany) Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 22, 2022 floyd Wed, 08/17/2022 - 08:16
Татяна Попова. Фрагменти от Лествицата на св. Йоан Синайски в най-старите византийски и славянски кодекси (според Симеоновия сборник)

The paper presents results, including work in progress, related to study of Fragments from the Ladder of St. John of Sinai in the oldest Byzantine and Slavic Codices. The article published 10 fragments of the text of the Ladder as part of Simeon’s Miscellany according to the text of Izbornik of Svjatoslav 1073. The publication of the texts is based on the edition of the text of the Izbornik prepared by P. Janeva (Sofia, 2015) and is accompanied by indications of discrepancies in the most ancient Byzantine manuscripts of the Ladder and comments. The article contains clarifications and additions to the Sofia edition of the Izbornik. As a result of the study some fragments are reconstructed, I consider to be part of the lost Byzantine book, which became the source of the Bulgarian translation of the Simeon’s Miscellany. The article contains biblical quotations in the fragments of the Ladder as part of the Izbornik. The article lists the words of the Preslav literary school, typical for the translation of the Simeon’s Miscellany and for the first Slavic translation of the Ladder.

Subject: Scripta Medieval Studies Linguistic History of Literature Keywords: Ladder of St. John of Sinai Simeon’s Miscellany Izbornik of Svjatoslav 1073 Old Slavic translations Preslav literary school Biblical quotations
“Most Fitting Testimonies”. The Dioptra’s Paratexts Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 22, 2022 floyd Tue, 08/16/2022 - 18:58
Ирини Афентулиду. „Най-подходящите свидетелства“. Паратекстовете на Диоптра

The Dioptra, a work consisting of over 7000 political verses in form of a dialogue between the body and the soul, as well as prose paratexts, heavily borrows from other texts. Whereas the sources paraphrased in the verses often go unacknowledged, other prose excerpts, mostly patristic but sometimes scriptural, are quoted verbatim and attributed to their respective authors. These paratexts are marginal scholia, texts inserted in the verse parts, and appendices. They are related to aspects of the verse parts, either by supporting an argument, by elaborating on details of the text, or by elucidating an argument from a different angle. The fictional setting of the dialogue functions as a frame, holding together the numerous sources, organising them in questions and answers that prompt more questions, and commenting upon them.

Subject: Scripta Medieval Studies Linguistic History of Literature Keywords: Byzantine Poetry Dialogue Dioptra Florilegia Paraphrases Patristic Literature Paratexts Philippos Monotropos
‘Non-Slavic’ Book of Enoch the Righteous – an Eternal Mystery? Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 22, 2022 floyd Tue, 08/16/2022 - 18:54
Людмила Навтанович. «Неславянская» Книга Еноха Праведного – вечная загадка?

2 Enoch used to be called “Slavonic Enoch” for about 150 years until 4 fragments of the pseudepigraphon were found in Coptic. This Old Testament Pseudepigraphon has been often considered “an enigma”, starting from the fact that the scholars cannot decide whether it was of Jewish or Christian origin. The article provides the scholarly community with state-of-the-art on the most important and “everlasting” problems concerning the text in question, making a special emphasis on the consensus about the provenance of the Slavonic text among Slavists which is based on the comprehensive analysis of the textual history of 2 Enoch.

Subject: Scripta Medieval Studies Linguistic History of Literature Keywords: 2 Enoch Old Testament Pseudepigrapha textual history Old Slavonic translations
Submitted on Tue, 08/16/2022 - 18:51

The Contaminated Slavic Version of Acta Thomae

Андрей Бояджиев. Контаминираната славянска версия на Acta Thomae

  • Summary/Abstract

    The article is dedicated to a rare text of Acta Thomae, which has so far been found only in a copy in a manuscript of the 16th century. A review of textological features is made and the text is compared with several Slavic and Greek copies. Such a version is not found among the transcripts of the Acts of the Apostle Thomas known to us and is a separate branch of tradition that emerged after the translation of the Actа Thomaе and Acta Thomae Minora. It is believed that the text in Slavic tradition appeared in the 14th century, probably in Bulgaria, but underwent significant revision before being included in Izmaragd. The research includes a publication of the text.

Submitted on Tue, 08/16/2022 - 18:47

The Scene ‘Christ Expels Seven Demons from Mary Magdalene’ in the Post-Byzantine Art

Ралица Русева. Сцената „Христос изгонва седем демона от Мария Магдалена“ в поствизантийското изкуство

  • Summary/Abstract

    The paper deals with several sixteenth- and seventeenth-century mural representations from different Balkan regions, illustrating Christ Expels Seven Demons from Mary Magdalene as an individual scene. The representations can be grouped in two categories based on the iconographic interpretation of the subject. The first one includes those in the Church of Prophet Elijah (1550) in Sofia and churches associated with the work of St Pimen of Zographou: the Church of the Dormition of the Theotokos in Zervat (1603, Albania), the Church of St Theodore Tyron and St Theodore Stratelates in Dobarsko (1614), the Monastery of St Nicholas in Seslavtsi (1616). The iconography of these four monuments is as a whole very reminiscent of other scenes of healings by Christ. The scene is placed in the context of the Pentecostarion cycle. The second group includes monuments painted by the artists from Linotopi, especially by Nicholas: the Monastery of the Dormition in Spilaio near Grevena (1649); the Monastery of the Transfiguration in Dryovouno (1652) and the Church of St Demetrius in Palatitsion (1570; 17th century). The general iconography here reminds of the healings of demon-possessed, while the iconographic characteristics of Mary Magdalene are akin to those of St Mary of Egypt. The scene is placed among those illustrating the Miracles and Parables.
    In the Hermeneias of Dionysios there is no description of the scene, although it is included as a title in Πήγαι in the Divine Works and Miracles of Christ. Probably Dionysios of Fourna was familiar with representations on the subject. For the time being we can only assume that a representation of this scene has existed before 1550, i.e. before it was painted at the Monastery of Iliyantsi.

Submitted on Tue, 08/16/2022 - 18:43

Pathfinder Words’ for the Attribution of Early Old Bulgarian Translations

Мария Спасова. Думи „следотърсачи“ при атрибуцията на ранни старобългарски преводи

  • Summary/Abstract

    The author examines rare and specific words from the incomplete Old Bulgarian translation of John Chrysostom’s Hexaemeron (YoZlSh) based on the manuscript Zogr19, introduced into palaeoslavistic not long ago (before two-three years). Parameters for the grouping of the extracted words are the peculiarities characteristic of the early Old Bulgarian translations. Their comparison with the Old Bulgarian manuscript corpus from the end of the 9th – 10th century is a kind of test of when the translation possibly originated: if at the lexical level the text is indicative of the early Old Bulgarian translations. The results are clear: all 15 orations of Hexaemeron (the 16th oration is incomplete) contain a huge wealth of vocabulary, and a significant part of the rare and specific words from YoZlSh is typical for the corpus of Old Bulgarian translations. This proves that the translation of John Chrysostom‘s Hexaemeron was created also at an early stage of the Old Bulgarian literature.

Uncommon Definite Forms of Possessive Adjectives in the Old Bulgarian Translation of Athanasius of Alexandria’s Orations Against the Arians Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 22, 2022 floyd Tue, 08/16/2022 - 16:23
Татяна Славова. Необичайни сложни форми на притежателни прилага­телни в старобългарския превод на Словата против арианите от Атанасий Александрийски

The article discusses the uncommon definite forms (with pronominal declension) of the possessive adjectives formed with -ов-, -ь and -ии/-ьи in the Old Bulgarian translation of Athanasius of Alexandriaʼs Orations Against the Arians, carried out by Konstantin of Preslav in 906. The translation survives only in Russian manuscripts ranging from the 15th to the 18th centuries. The Russian origin of the manuscripts raises the following question: have the definite forms of the possessive adjectives discussed here been the result of the spreading of the manuscripts in a Russian environment? Although rare, definite forms of possessive adjectives ending in -ов-, -ь and -ии/-ьи have been found in Old Bulgarian and Middle Bulgarian texts. This means that although uncommon, these forms were part of the Old Bulgarian language and the bishop Konstantin of Preslav could have used this declension model. The author argues that the uncommon definite forms of the possessive adjectives божии, отьчь, дѹховъ, съпасовъ, хрьстовъ are part of the translation strategy of bishop Konstantin of Preslav to distinguish between God the Father, God the Son, the Holy Spirit, and Christ the Saviour, on the one hand, and created beings, on the other hand.

Subject: Scripta Medieval Studies Linguistic History of Literature Keywords: possessive adjectives ATHANASIUS OF ALEXANDRIA Orations Against the Arians KONSTANTIN OF PRESLAV
Submitted on Tue, 08/16/2022 - 16:21

On Bible Quotations in the Medieval Slavic Version of Hippolytus’ De Christo et Antichristo

Иван И. Илиев. Върху библейските цитати в средновековната славянска версия на De Christo et Antichristo от Иполит Римски

  • Summary/Abstract

    The author presents the usage of some of the major Bible quotations in the Slavonic version of De Christo et Antichristo by Hippolytus of Rome. Mainly Old Testament quotations are examined, as well as the longer ones from Revelation. Among them, there are quotes from Genesis, the Book of Isaiah and the Book of Daniel which are compared to the same places in Prophetologium (Grigorovič No. 2 / М.1685, RGB), in the so-called Catena in Prophetas (Saint-Trinity Lavra No. 89, RGB) and where possible with the commentaries of Hippolytus In Danielem, and other early Slavic translations of the Scripture as well. The quotations from Revelation are compared with some later translations of this book in order to underline their importance and usage. The lexical analysis is not the main focus of the conducted study, but it is inevitable when the quotations are compared with biblical manuscripts. Тhe main aim and scope of the article is to highlight how the biblical quotations were approached by the translator. The large-scale comparisons made show how the medieval Slavonic biblical versions vary, depending on the function of the texts translated.

Topoi and Prototypes as Bearers of Christian Memory in Hagiography (according to Lives of Saints Dating from the First Bulgarian Kingdom) Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 22, 2022 floyd Tue, 08/16/2022 - 16:15
Грета Стоянова. Топосите и прототипите като носители на християнската памет в агиографията (според жития на светци от Първото българско царство)

The paper discusses the use of topoi, prototypes and proto-characters to present the protagonists in the oldest surviving Old Bulgarian lives and deeds of saints (The Life and Works of Saint Cyril the Philosopher, The Life and Works of Saint Methodius, and the Anonymous Life of Saint John of Rila). The function of a prototype/ proto-character is to reveal the saint’s resemblance to the former concerning symptomatic characteristics, actions, and situations, for example, by analogy to a familiar authority (biblical, patristic, hagiographic or other). The lives recall the ascetic exploits of the prototype and simultaneously laud the new saint. The meanings of the topoi and prototypes extend beyond the particulars of the text and become a significant element in the creation of shared Christian memory. The topoi and prototypes in hagiographic texts portrayed ideal examples to be followed, passing them on in time and turning them into traditions.

Subject: Scripta Medieval Studies Linguistic History of Literature Keywords: topoi prototypes Old Bulgarian hagiography Saint Cyril the Philosopher Saint Methodius Saint John of Rila
Submitted on Tue, 08/16/2022 - 15:02

‘Vidin’ Service of St. Paraskeva-Petka of Epivates and Its Russian Edition

Видинската служба на св. Параскева-Петка и нейната руска редакция

  • Summary/Abstract

    The article compares the text of the „Vidin“ service for St. Petka Tărnovska (Paraskevi of Epivates), featuring a canon for the eighth mode, and the text of the Saint’s service known by three Russian copies in 16th–17th-c. manuscripts from the Trinity–Sergius Lavra. The main peculiarities of the 15 known South Slavonic transcripts of the „Vidin“ service (14th–17th cc.) are analyzied and there are underlined the main stages in the development of the text. It is concluded that the Russian copies are closest in composition and structure to the earliest Bulgarian copy in the 14th-c. manuscript Sinai 25, with added stichera and glories, known from Serbian copies from the 15th–16th cc., and a new kondakion. The Russian copies show that the „Vidin“ service was early included in Russian liturgical practice. It can be assumed that it was done by Gregory Tsamblak who introdusted the cult of Petka Tărnovska to the Orthodox Christian population in the northeastern Slavic lands. The Russian edition of the service for the Venerable Paraskevi-Petka from Epivates, preserved in a 1645 printed menaion, again from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, contains in addition to the canon for the eighth mode a different canon for the sixth mode (instead of the canon for the sixth mode known by the Menaion of Dragan). The new six-mode composition was created in the 17th c. by adding, reworking and adapting other texts, as shown by its distinction from the 16th-17th-c. Cyrillic copies originating from the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The Cult of St. Tryphon and His Martyrdom in the South Slavonic Written Tradition Scripta & e-Scripta vol. 22, 2022 floyd Tue, 08/16/2022 - 14:58
Екатерина Тодорова. Култът към св. Трифон и неговото Мъчение в южно­ славянската писмена традиция

The study examines the cult of the unmercenary Saint Tryphon. Attention is paid to his folklore veneration in Bulgaria and the specifics of his iconographic depiction. The emphasis is on the examination of his image, presented in the Martyrdom as attested in two Slavonic manuscripts from the 15th century housed in the Library of the Romanian Academy, Nos. 306 and 152. The characteristics of both manuscripts are also presented, as both texts are related to the Serbian language environment. The comparison of the two texts shows a complete coincidence in the narrative. The plotline of the narrative has classic features for this genre: introduction, main part, and a short conclusion. The main part of the narrativе stands out two semantic cores: the first is the expulsion of demons from the daughter of Emperor Gordian by Tryphon and the second is the verbal opposition between Aquilinus and the saint and the physical torture he is subjected to after each verbal struggle with his antagonist proving the strength of his spirit and the strength of the Christian faith.

Subject: Scripta Medieval Studies Linguistic History of Literature Keywords: St.Tryphon martyrdom cult MANUSCRIPTS hagiographic genre
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